Table. 6.

Table. 6. Table 6

Characteristics of included studies that did not find any effect

Reference	Type of study	Clinical setting/population	Sample size	Age (year)	Daily dose	Probiotic species	Duration of intervention	System	Main outcomes
Francavilla et al., 2019 (Italy)	RCT	Patients with celiac disease and IBS	109	Age 18 years and above Int: 43.3 (18.8-62.2) Plac: 44.6 (19.3-63.4)	5×10⁹ CFU/sachet+5×10⁹ CFU/sachet+10×10⁹ CFU/sachet+10×10⁹ CFU/sachet+10×10⁹ CFU/sachet	Lactobacillus casei LMG 101/37 P-17504 (5×10⁹ CFU/sachet), L. plantarum CECT 4528 (5×10⁹ CFU/sachet), Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bi1 LMG P-17502 (10×10⁹ CFU/sachet), B. breve Bbr8 LMG P-17501 (10×10⁹ CFU/sachet), B. breve Bl10 LMG P-17500 (10×10⁹ CFU/sachet)	14 weeks	IBS–QoL	Without effect
Aroniadis et al., 2019 (USA)	RCT	IBS	45	18-65 Int: 33 (27-48) Plac: 42 (28-48)	25 capsules perday 0.38 g minimally	Processed donor whole stool per capsule	12 weeks	IBS–QoL	Without effect
Šmid et al., 2016 (Slovenia–Croatia)	RCT	IBS	76	18-65	(1.8×10⁷ CFU/g) and (2.5×10⁷ CFU/g)	Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5^Ⓡ (1.8×10⁷ CFU/g) and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12^Ⓡ (2.5×10⁷ CFU/g) Streptococcus thermophilus	4 weeks	IBS–QoL	Without effect
Dapoigny et al., 2012 (France)	Randomized double-blind pilot study	IBS	47	Int: 46.1±11.3 Plac: 48.0±10.8	6×10⁸ CFU	Lactobacillus casei variety rhamnosus LCR35	4 weeks	GIQLI	Without effect
Riezzo et al., 2019 (Italy)	RCT	FC	56	19-65 42.4±13.8	15 days: four tablets daily Then: two tablets daily One tablet=1×10⁸ CFU	Lactobacillus reuteri (LR) DSM 17938	105 days	PAC–QoL	Without effect
Dimidi et al., 2019 (UK)	RCT	Constipation	75	18-65 Int: 35 (12) Plac: 31 (10)	1.5×10¹⁰ CFU/day	Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818	4 weeks	PAC–QoL	Without effect
Ibarra et al., 2018 (France)	RCT	Adults with functional constipation	224	18-70	1×10⁹ or 1×10¹⁰ CFU	Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019	28 days	PAC-QoL	Without effect
Ding et al., 2016 (China)	RCT (prospective)	Slow transit constipation	93	Plac: 48.3±11.3 Int: 47.2±10.7	0.63 g	Bifid triple viable capsules (BIFICO) and 8 g of soluble dietary fiber	12 weeks	GIQLI	Positive effect
Gomi et al., 2018 (Japan)	RCT	Patients with functional GI disorders	79	20-64 Int: 41.1±10.1 Plac: 41.6±9.9	YIT 10347＝3×10⁷ CFU/mL Streptococcus thermophilus YIT 2021＝1×10⁷	Bifidobacterium bifidum YIT 10347 Streptococcus thermophilus YIT 2021 (in both Plac and Int groups)	4 weeks	SF-36 v2	Without effect
Theodoropoulos et al., 2016 (Netherlands)	RCT	Colectomy for cancer	67	Int: 66.8±2.17 Plac: 69±1.37	Sachets 12 g	Pediococcus pentosaceus 5-33:3, Leuconostoc mesenteroides 32-77:1, Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei 19, and L. plantarum 2362 and 2.5 g of each of the four fermentable fibers (prebiotics): b-glucan, inulin, pectin, and resistant starch	15 days	GIQLI and EORTC QLQ-C30	Without effect
Macnaughtan et al., 2020 (UK)	RCT	Cirrhosis	92 (68)	18-78	6.5×10⁹ CFU	Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS)	3 times per day for 6 months	SF-36	Without effect
Ahmadipour et al., 2020 (Iran)	RCT	Infant colic	72	21-90 days old Int: 52.20±41.885 days Plac: 49.36±23.321 days	5 drops of Pedilact 10⁹ CFU	Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. reuteri, Bifidobacterium infantis probiotics and fructooligosaccharide	28 days	Not reported	Without effect

RCT, randomized control trial; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; FC, functional constipation; Int, intervention; Plac, placebo; CFU, colony forming unit; IBS-QoL, irritable bowel syndrome QoL; GIQLI, Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index; PAC-QoL, Patient Assessment of Constipation QoL; SF-36, 36-item short form survey; EORTC QLQ-C30, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer’s 30-item QoL questionnaire version 30.

Prev Nutr Food Sci 2024;29:237~255 https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2024.29.3.237