Fig. 4. Supplementation with isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs) restores intestinal barrier integrity. Intestinal barrier disruption leads to disordered tight junctions (TJs), allowing the translocation of bacteria or bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), into the lamina propria. This process triggers an immune response and increases the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. LPS entering the systemic circulation results in heightened systemic inflammation, resulting in intestinal dysbiosis and contributing to the development of various diseases. Supplementation with IMO normalizes intestinal microbiota composition, reduces intestinal permeability, enhances short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and strengthens intestinal TJs. Collectively, these effects attenuate gastrointestinal-related diseases. TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL, interleukin.
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