Effect of IMOs on gastrointestinal disorders and related diseases
Type | Model | Dosage | Duration | Related disease | Physiological effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IMOs and lycopene | Mice | 5~10 mg/kg lycopene 0.5~1 g/kg IMOs |
12 weeks | Metabolic diseases | IMOs and the combination of IMOs and lycopene: ↓weight gain, adiposity, insulin resistance, prevent NAFLD-like symptoms, improve adipose tissue fat mobilization, glucose homeostasis, selective gut microbial abundance, SCFA | Singh et al., 2016 |
IMOs, FM-AX, |
Mice | 1×109 CFU/mouse probiotic 1 g/kg body weight IMOs and FM-AX |
25 days | Colitis | IMOs alone and its synbiotic mix: ↓DAI score, histological damage to the colon, gut dysbiosis, and inflammation Synbiotic mix more potent in ↓TNF-α, lipocalin, and ↑IL-10, IL-22, cecal SCFA |
Sharma et al., 2023 |
IMOs | Mice | 20% IMOs in drinking water | 8 weeks | Colonic mucosal disruption | ↓Mucosal damage and pathological alteration in colonic mucosa | Kumar et al., 2023 |
IMOs and |
Mice | 1% IMOs 1×109 CFU/mL |
5 weeks | Hyperlipidemia | ↓Blood cholesterol | Kim et al., 2021 |
IMOs and FOS | Rats | 8 kg/kg body weight | 12 weeks | IBD | IMOs and FOS: ↓histological score of colitis, IL-1β in cecum and colon, ↑specific but divergent microbiota changes | Koleva et al., 2014 |
IMOs and CRX | Mice | 200 mg/kg CRX 1 g/kg IMOs |
12 weeks | Metabolic diseases | Co-supplementation of IMOs and CRX improves cecal SCFA, gut beneficial bacterial abundance, glucose intolerance, systemic obesity-associated metabolic changes in adipose tissue and liver | Singh et al., 2018 |
IMOs and cinnamaldehyde | Mice | 1 g/kg IMOs 10 mg/kg cinnamaldehyde |
12 weeks | Obesity, metabolic diseases | Co-supplementation of IMOs and cinnamaldehyde improves HFD-induced changes in serum LPS, LPS-producing bacteria, gut permeability, histological and inflammatory changes in colon, hepatic inflammatory markers, peripheral hormones, and lipid-metabolism-related parameters | Singh et al., 2017a |
IMOs | Mice | 0.8, 4, and 8 g/d/kg body weight | 17 days | Constipation | ↑Water content of feces, small intestinal transit rate, and SCFA concentration in feces Medium dose of IMOs is the most effective to treat constipation |
Wang et al., 2017a |
IMOs and inulin | Rats | 20 g/kg | 7 days | Constipation | ↑Gastrointestinal motility-related hormones (ACTH, MTL, SP), SCFA and ↓CORT, VIP, CGRP in the colon | Lan et al., 2020 |
IMOs | Human | 10 g | 30 days | Constipation | ↑Defecation frequency, wet and dry stool output, fecal acetate and propionate ↓Serum sodium concentration |
Chen et al., 2001 |
IMOs | Human | 86 g cookies daily | 4 weeks | Hyperlipidemia | ↓Cholesterol, triglycerides, and cardiac risk ratio scores | Sunarti et al., 2022 |
IMOs | Human | 13 g whey protein bars | 7~10 days | Diabetes | ↓Glycemic response | Grubic et al., 2018 |
IMOs | Rats | 5% IMOs (2 mL/d) | 2 weeks | IBD | Improved intestinal transit rate, fecal microbiota, and serum cytokine in WAS model ↓AWR score, ileal epithelial damage ↑Pain threshold |
Wang et al. 2017c |
IMOs from rice starch | Rats | 1.5 g/kg | 19 weeks (3 times/week) | Colon cancer | ↓DSS-induced colonic polyps and histological changes ↑Gut barrier function Improve DSS-induced ↓beneficial bacteria and butyric production and ↑harmful bacteria |
Plongbunjong et al., 2019 |
IMOs | Human | 8.1 g active IMOs | 8 weeks | Chronic constipation | ↓Dose of laxative for peritoneal dialysis patients ↓Constipation-related symptoms ↑Quality of life of peritoneal dialysis patients |
Tung et al., 2018 |
IMOs and GTE | Mice | 1 g/kg body weight IMOs, 200 mg/kg body weight GTE | 12 weeks | Obesity, diabetes | Combination of GTE and IMOs: ↓HFD-induced adiposity and lipid accumulation in liver and muscle. Normalizing fasting blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, and leptin levels. Prevents leaky gut phenotype and HFD-induced increase in LPS, resistin, adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6. ↑Beneficial gut microbiota, ↓pathogen bacteria, ↑butyric acid IMOs alone are able to ↓body weight gain, BMI, serum insulin, ileal permeability, ↑cecal propionic acid, normalize TNF-α and IL-1β in liver |
Singh et al., 2017b |
IMOs from rice starch | Rats | 5% IMOs | 12 weeks | Colon cancer | ↑Inflammatory response, intestinal microecological environment ↓The development of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced early colon cancer |
Chen et al., 2022 |
IMOs | Human | 10 g/d IMOs | 4 weeks | Constipation | ↑Daily fecal excretion of acetate and propionate, colonic microbiota ↑Spontaneous defecation, wet fecal mass ↓Plasma total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels |
Yen et al., 2011 |
IMOs, FOS | Rats | 10% IMOs 10% FOS 5% IMOs+5% FOS |
6 weeks | Diabetes | IMOs alone, and combination of IMOs with FOS: ↓glycemic and lipid dysmetabolism, oxidation markers ↑GLP-1 content, cecal beneficial bacteria |
Bharti et al., 2015 |
IMOs, FOS, GOS | Mice | 0.8, 4, and 8 g/d/kg body weight | 2 weeks | Constipation | ↑Cecal microbiota in constipated mice. | Wang et al., 2017b |
Rats | 1×109 CFU/0.1 mL 1 g/kg body weight IMOs |
12 weeks | Metabolic diseases | Ameliorate HFD-induced weight gain, abdominal circumference, Lee’s index, BMI, visceral fat. ↑Fecal ↓Glucose, lipid biomarkers, oxidative stress, leaky gut phenotype, serum LPS, inflammation, lipid and glucose metabolism genes Restore histomorphology of adipose tissue, colon, and liver |
Khanna et al., 2021 | |
IMOs, RS, FOS, Inulin | Rats | 8% mix dietary fiber | 9 days | Colon cancer | ↓CPT-11 toxicity, ↑cecal butyrate, bacterial butyril-CoA gene, MCT1 | Lin et al., 2014 |
IMOs | Human | 30 g | 4 weeks | Chronic constipation, hyperlipidemia | ↑Bowel movement, HDL-C level ↓Constipation, total cholesterol and triglycerides |
Wang et al., 2001 |
IMOs, isomaltooligosaccharides; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; FM-AX, finger millet arabinoxylan; CFU, colony-forming unit; DAI, disease activity index; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL, interleukin; FOS, fructooligosaccharide; CRX, cranberry extract; HFD, high-fat diet; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; MTL, motilin; SP, substance; CORT, corticosterone; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide; CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide; WAS, water avoidance stress; AWR, abdominal withdrawal reflex; DSS, dextran sodium sulfate; GTE, green tea extract; BMI, body mass index; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; GOS, galactooligosaccharide; RS, resistant; CPT-11, irinotecan; MCT1, monocarboxylate transporter-1; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.