Fig. 2. Folate biosynthesis and salvage pathways in lactic acid bacteria and the genes involved (
Orsomando et al., 2006;
de Crécy-Lagard et al., 2007;
Noiriel et al., 2007;
Wegkamp, 2008;
Rad et al., 2016). The black arrows indicate the folate biosynthesis pathway, followed by the names of the genes that encode folate biosynthetic enzymes. The blue arrows show the intermediate salvage pathway (PABA and glutamate) obtained from the oxidative breakdown of folate (marked by red dashed arrows) in the cell and taken up from outside the cell (when intermediate compounds are available in the environment or medium). The green arrows indicate intact folate salvage pathways for folic acid and THF (mono). GTP, guanosine triphosphate; PABA, para-aminobenzoic acid; DHPPP, 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphate; THF (mono), tetrahydrofolate-monoglutamate; THF (poly), tetrahydrofolate-polyglutamate; PABA-Glu, PABA-glutamate; NI, not identified.
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