Table. 1. Table 1

Summary of the current evidence on the potential role of dietary supplements in the management of COVID-19

Dietary supplement	Potential role	Available evidence
Vitamin C	Decreases NO3, methemoglobin, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenaselevels	Retrospective human study, ongoing clinical trial (NCT04370288)
	Suppresses cytokine storms, improves pulmonary function, and decreases the risk of ARDS in COVID-19	Randomized clinical trial
Vitamin D	Immunomodulatory effects Low levels associated with dismal outcomes and mortality Supplementation might reduce the risk of severe disease	Retrospective human studies, inconsistent results Randomized clinical trial, ongoing trial (COVIDIOL, NCT04366908)
Vitamin E	Antioxidant effects in combination with vitamin C	Single retrospective study
Zinc	Improves barrier functions and modulates viral particle entry, fusion, replication, viral protein translation, and anti-inflammatory effects	Human studies, ongoing trials
Selenium	Stimulates T cell proliferation and enhances innate immune system functions Down-regulates the IL-6 response and antioxidant effects	Retrospective human studies
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	Antiviral and antifibrotic effects	In vitro and animal studies
Xanthohumol	DGAT1/2 inhibitor with both antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties	Animal study
Curcumin	Inhibitory agent antagonizes the entry of SARS-CoV-2 viral protein by binding to receptor-binding domain site of viral S protein and viral attachment sites of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor	In vitro and in vivo studies, one registered clinical trial
Probiotics	Improve the mucosal innate immune response, decrease intestinal permeability, and anti-inflammatory effect	No direct clinical evidence associated with COVID-19

Prev Nutr Food Sci 2022;27:137~149 https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2022.27.2.137